How big is australoid admixture in southeast asians?

[oditous]

Australoid admixture can be anything ranging from negrito, veddoid, papuan, australian aboriginal. Basically anything predating mongoloid migrations into SE Asia

I'll post some studies. But i'm also curious to know what your intuitive guesses might be.



Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders (2005)


The observed frequencies of K-M9*, K-M230, and M-P34 on Bali suggest that 2.2% of the pre-Neolithic gene pool survived the invasion of AustronesianY chromosomes. Interestingly, a similar extent of replacement is evident in Java(3.8%), and a slightly higher proportion of pre-Neolithic Y chromosomes is ob-served in Borneo (15.0%) (Kayser et al. 2003). A similar analysis of our sample of eastern Indonesians indicates major pre-Neolithic (78.2%) and minor Aus-tronesian (21.8%) components of their paternal gene pool

Philippine mitochondrial DNA diversity: a populated viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia? (2009)


Relatively little is known about the genetic diversity of the Philippine population, and this is an important gap in our understanding of Southeast Asian and Oceanic prehistory. Here we describe mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in 423 Philippine samples and analyze them in the context of the genetic diversity of other Southeast Asian populations. The majority of Philippine mtDNA types are shared with Taiwanese aboriginal groups and belong to haplogroups of postglacial and pre-Neolithic origin that have previously been identified in East Asian and Island Southeast Asian populations. Analysis of hypervariable segment I sequence variation within individual mtDNA haplogroups indicates a general decrease in the diversity of the most frequent types (B4a1a, E1a1a, and M7c3c) from the Taiwanese aborigines to the Philippines and Sulawesi, although calculated standard error measures overlap for these populations. This finding, together with the geographical distribution of ancestral and derived haplotypes of the B4a1a subclade including the Polynesian Motif, is consistent with southward dispersal of these lineages "Out of Taiwan" via the Philippines to Near Oceania and Polynesia. In addition to the mtDNA components shared with Taiwanese aborigines, complete sequence analyses revealed a minority of lineages in the Philippines that share their origins--possibly dating back to the Paleolithic--with haplogroups from Indonesia and New Guinea. Other rare lineages in the Philippines have no closely related types yet identified elsewhere



Genetic admixture history of Eastern Indonesia as revealed by Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA analysis. (2009)



Eastern Indonesia possesses more linguistic diversity than any other region in Southeast Asia, with both Austronesian (AN) languages that are of East Asian origin, as well as non-Austronesian (NAN) languages of likely Melanesian origin. Here, we investigated the genetic history of human populations from seven eastern Indonesian islands, including AN and NAN speakers, as well as the relationship between languages and genes, by means of nonrecombining Y-chromosomal (NRY) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis. We found that the eastern Indonesian gene pool consists of East Asian as well as Melanesian components, as might be expected based on linguistic evidence, but also harbors putative indigenous eastern Indonesian signatures that perhaps reflect the initial occupation of the Wallacea by aboriginal hunter-gatherers already in Palaeolithic times. Furthermore, both NRY and mtDNA data showed a complete lack of correlation between linguistic and genetic relationships, most likely reflecting genetic admixture and/or language shift. In addition, we noted a small fraction of the NRY and mtDNA data shared between eastern Indonesians and Australian Aborigines likely reflecting an ancient link between Asia and Australia. Our data thus provide insights into the complex genetic ancestry history of eastern Indonesian islanders characterized by several admixture episodes and demonstrate a clear example of the lack of the often-assumed correlation between the genes and languages of human populations.


Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations (2008)


The ISEA populations may also be admixed. In our study, we assumed that the ISEA were mixed by three potential parental populations: Daic populations, Taiwan aborigines, and the indigenous populations of the Sunda Islands, who are similar to Papuans. We performed an admixture analysis on the Indonesians, and included data of the Papuans from the literature [36,37] as one of the parental population structures in the analysis. Our analysis showed the following admixture proportions: Daic (0.713 ± 0.124), Taiwan (0.143 ± 0.125), and Papuans (0.144 ± 0.050), indicating that the contribution of the Daic ancestry on the Indonesians is the most dominant. There is some uncertainty in these data as our assumption that the ISEA population is an admixture can not be tested.



A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia (2006)


Almost 14% of individuals found in ISEA have mtDNA haplotypes that belong to macrohaplogroup M but that appear unrelated to other M types found outside ISEA and that date to ~40,000–70,000 years ago. It seems likely that these haplotypes, and others found only in the Malay Peninsula, can be traced back to the original inhabitants of ISEA, who would have colonized the area at around that time.73 Haplogroups N21 and R22 may provide further evidence of the persistence of mtDNAs from the earliest settlers. Today, N21 is more common in the aboriginal populations of the Malay Peninsula,35 but the phylogeographic pattern suggests that it arrived there from Sumatra. Haplogroup R22 now appears to be most common in the Shompen group of the Nicobar Islands70; however, it is most diverse in ISEA, and the root type is only found in Lombok and Alor, suggesting that it could be an indigenous marker for that area. If haplogroups N21, R22, M45, M46, M47, and M21d and the remaining unclassified M* types do indeed represent indigenous haplogroups, then this suggests that about a fifth of the modern inhabitants can trace their maternal ancestry back to the first anatomically modern settlers of ISEA.


In this study, the Near Oceanian haplogroups P and Q were found at low levels in ISEA. Haplogroup P is rare and has been found only at low levels in Sulawesi and Sumba. Haplogroup Q is most common in the easternmost locations studied (reaching 29% in Alor, where Papuan as well as Austronesian languages are spoken76), but, at 3% of the sample as a whole, it is found as far west as Borneo, indicating long-range gene flow from Near Oceania into ISEA.


A predominantly indigenous paternal heritage for the Austronesian-speaking peoples of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania. (2001)


Modern humans reached Southeast Asia and Oceania in one of the first dispersals out of Africa. The resulting temporal overlap of modern and archaic humans-and the apparent morphological continuity between them-has led to claims of gene flow between Homo sapiens and H. erectus. Much more recently, an agricultural technology from mainland Asia spread into the region, possibly in association with Austronesian languages. Using detailed genealogical study of Y chromosome variation, we show that the majority of current Austronesian speakers trace their paternal heritage to Pleistocene settlers in the region, as opposed to more-recent agricultural immigrants. A fraction of the paternal heritage, however, appears to be associated with more-recent immigrants from northern populations. We also show that the northern Neolithic component is very unevenly dispersed through the region, with a higher contribution in Southeast Asia and a nearly complete absence in Melanesia. Contrary to claims of gene flow (under regional continuity) between H. erectus and H. sapiens, we found no ancestral Y chromosome lineages in a set of 1,209 samples. The finding excludes the possibility that early hominids contributed significantly to the paternal heritage of the region.

[oditous]

Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia (2009)
Dienekes link (http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2009/12/mapping-human-genetic-diversity-in-asia.html)

Sort of controversial in basically claiming chinese to be a subset of southeastasians (http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2009/12/are_chinese_subsets_of_southea.php). In that case eastasians should also have some australoid admixture i guess?

attached some figures from this study


It is thought that a wave of humans emerged from Africa some 60,000–75,000 years ago and travelled along the southern coast of India, into southeast Asia and down to Oceania. But scientists struggled to explain some of the variation seen in Asia today — such as the obvious physical differences between Malaysian and Filipino Negrito populations and other Asians. Some researchers have postulated that a second wave, or series of waves, from a northern route largely repopulated the area, leaving the Negrito and others as relicts of the earlier migration.

The new study, a five-year examination of variation at some 55,000 SNPs in 1928 individuals, found that Negrito populations had a high level of genetic overlap with other southeast Asia populations, suggesting a common ancestry. East Asians, the analysis suggests, share a large degree of common genetic background with southeast Asians but very little with central Asians, seeming to preclude a peopling of east Asia through a northern route via the Eurasian Steppes. And genetic variation within local populations decreased from southeast to northeast Asia. The two observations suggest that diverse peoples living in southeast Asia migrated northwards.



But the results are not conclusive, as the authors admit. Stoneking says he was "very surprised that the Negrito populations were not more genetically distinct", and would like to see other supposed relict populations, such as those in New Guinea and Australia, studied in the same kind of detail. He argues that it is not possible to tell whether extensive genetic intermingling with surrounding
populations might have obscured evidence for two waves of migration. He says he has evidence to support the two-wave theory in work yet to be published that looks specifically at mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomes of Negrito populations.
link (http://www.gis.a-star.edu.sg/internet/site/article_data/sufian_3/dec-2009/Scientificamerican.com.pdf)

[oditous]

Some quotes from an anthro blogger (Robert Lindsay). Is he right??

link (http://robertlindsay.wordpress.com/2009/03/16/australoid-genes-in-southeast-asians/)



many amateur Internet anthropologists, NE Asians, White Supremacists and other folks argue that SE Asians have substantial Australoid influence which influences their phenotype. This harkens back to an earlier era in anthropology when this view held wide currency.

Australoid, a term which has fallen out of favor but still deserves to be used, refers properly to Papuans and Australian Aborigines in the genetic sense. Used anthropologically, it can refer to Negritos, Senoi, Tamils and Ainu.

However, it should be noted that some Malays and Filipinos do have strong Negrito features. There has been a certain amount of interbreeding between Filipinos and the local Negritos, and the result has been that the Negritos are close to Filipinos genetically because they have a lot of Filipino genes, but your average Filipino does not have many Negrito ancestors.

The truth is that for most SE Asians, there is not much Australoid influence anymore. And anyway, NE Asians are also related to Australoids, since prior to 10,000 years ago, Australoid populations characterized the human settlements of all of NE and SE Asia, all of the Americas and even India.

While it is true that the original people of Thailand and Malaysia were Negritos, Australoids have had little input into the present-day Thai people and Thais are considered to be Mongoloids. For the Malays, the situation is a bit different, as they do retain traces of Papuan genes, but only in very small numbers.

Some say Malays are mixed with Negrito, Veddoid, Proto-Malay and Malay, but there is little good evidence for that, especially since, in recent years anyway, the Negritos do not seem to have bred in much with the others.

However, present-day Malays do say that the Negritos, or Orang Asli, are their ancestors. Southern Thais, close to Malaysia, may also have some Negrito genes.

The Malays are probably a result of waves of Taiwanese aborigine Austronesians marrying in with Veddoids from India and the Senoi Veddoids from Southern China. At the base may be the Semang Negritos, the original settlers of the land.

At the moment, there are only traces of Papuan genes in the Malays, and genetically, they resemble Filipinos and Western Indonesians.



link (http://robertlindsay.wordpress.com/2009/03/16/the-peopling-of-indonesia/)


Recent tests indicate that the Indonesians derive 71% from the ancient Dai, 14% from the Taiwan aborigines (Austronesians) and 15% from Papuans. This study looks at Y chromosomes. 10-20,000 years ago, these ancient Dai went from Hainan and Guangxi (their homeland) to Taiwan to become the Taiwan aborigines and also on to Indonesia in two separate waves.

They probably genetically swamped and colonized the native peoples, who were probably Papuans.

Today, only the Malukus identify as Melanesians, despite the fact that there are Melanesians on Alor and in other places. On Timor, Sumba and Flores, there are people who are at least part-Melanesian who do not really identify as Melanesian. Some of these people are up to 80% Melanesian, as in Alor.

The standard history of the rest of the islands, such as Sulawesi, Sumatra, Bali is that Austronesians came 4,000 years ago and pushed the native Melanesians to the east. However, this standard history must be wrong. Instead of pushing Melanesians east, they bred in with them.

Most Indonesian is an example of a race that used be common all through SE Asia, including Vietnam – the Ancient SE Asian Race. This race was widespread throughout SE Asia 2-4,000 years ago. It is a Mongoloid with considerable Australoid admixture.

[yeahyeahyeah1985]

There has to be a big Australoid influence, since NE Asians look MUCH different from SE Asians. If I may say, I think most Chinese have at least a bit of Australoid admixture, which is why they look pretty distinct from Koreans and Japanese people.

[ButlerKing]

Western Austronesians like Indonesians, Malaysian, Borneo are paternally the same as Daic people of Southern China, Thailand, Laos and migrated since the paleolithic times long before Austronesian expansion.

Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations


Our results show that the Daic populations are closer to the Western Austronesian populations in paternal lineages than any other ethnic groups in East Asia are. The STR diversity of the Y chromosome haplogroup O1a-M119, the major haplogroup among the Daic and Western Austronesian populations, shows that Taiwan and ISEA, two groups of Western Austronesian, derived from the Daic independently of each other. Therefore, it is most likely that the ISEA populations mainly originated in the region around the Tonkin Gulf, the homeland of the Daic, and migrated to Indonesia through the Vietnam corridor. In contrast, the Taiwan aborigines migrated from mainland China directly. Our results indicate that a super-phylum, which includes Taiwan aborigines, Daic, and Malayo-Polynesians, is genetically educible.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Haplogrupo_O_%28ADN-Y%29.PNG

West Austronesian also have some australoid DNA from melanesian, negrito. Usually more australoid maternal mtDNA in moderate frequencies than australoid paternal Y-DNA in small frequencies.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1876738/table/TB2/

Australoid maternal DNA = Q, P, R22 (or R14), M21a, M27, M28, M29
Polynesian maternal DNA = B4a1a1 ( sign of partial Australoid admixture)
Australoid paternal DNA = M, S, C2 ( K-M9 is not necessarily Australoid)


Western Austronesians

Malaysians have 7.3% Australoid maternal mtDNA, 2.9% Australoid Y-DNA

Javanese 2.2% Australoid mtDNA, 2.2% polynesian mtDNA, 3.8% Australoid Y-DNA.

Southern Borneo have 5.5% Australoid mtDNA, 1.3% polynesian mtDNA , 15% Australoid Y-DNA

Balinese have 8.4% Australoid mtDNA, 2.2% Australoid Y-DNA.

In the western side of East Indonesia

Lombok have 11.4% Australoid mtDNA R22, 2.3% Polynesian mtDNA, 6% Australoid Y-DNA.

Sulawesi 3.8% Australoid mtDNA, 3.8% Polynesian mtDNA, 8% Australoid Y-DNA.
In west sulawesi polynesian mtDNA is 11% and Australoid Y-DNA is 12.5%.

Eastern side of Eastern Indonesia islands

Australoid Y-DNA is 50-80% and Australoid mtDNA is 10-35%
Mongoloid Y-DNA is 11-27% and Mongoloid mtDNA is 60-70%
Polynesian mtDNA is 2%-14%

Alor Australoid mtDNA 28.9%, Polynesian mtDNA 2.2%
Ambon Australoid mtDNA 11.6%, Polynesian mtDNA 14%

Non-Austronesian but with Australoid genes.

Thais Australoid mtDNA 7.8% and 0% Australoid Y-DNA.

Polynesians

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3035714/

There is no pure polynesian who is mongoloid and australoid but genetically they are closer to mongoloid. Polynesians genetics is more complicated than first though, there 's no doubt that the polynesian motif B41a1a1 has an Austronesian-mongoloid origin, however the problem is it this motif seems to have gone through an huge genetic drift and it's not found in Taiwan aborigines and have been found dated 6000-8000 years ago in the Bismarck Archipelago rarther than Taiwan 4000 years ago, the fact that B4a is found in extremmely high frequencies (90%) in Polynesia compare to Taiwan aborigines (45%) means only an very few Austronesian women spreaded this DNA and the hybrid population later gone through an genetic drift. The Polynesian are maternally East Asian and Paternally Melanesian in genetics however since B4a1a1a dated in Melanesia much longer than Taiwan this would than mean Polynesians were actually not result of Austronesian Asian women mating with Papuan melanesian men. However recent markers from taiwanese aborigines admixture in Polynesians such as B4a, E, M and O3, O1a no doubt proof of Austronesian expansion.