ludim
2010-03-16, 00:27
I just read some stuff on Slavs and found that they might have variation between each other so is the variation between them very genetic, does anyone have anymore studies on this and what is anyones take on it.
Here is the study:
A set of 18 Y-chromosomal microsatellite loci was analysed in 568 males from Poland, Slovakia and three regions of Belarus. The results were compared to data available for 2,937 Y chromosome samples from 20 other Slavic populations. Lack of relationship between linguistic, geographic and historical relations between Slavic populations and Y-short tandem repeat (STR) haplotype distribution was observed. Two genetically distant groups of Slavic populations were revealed: one encompassing all Western-Slavic, Eastern-Slavic, and two Southern-Slavic populations, and one encompassing all remaining Southern Slavs. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on Y-chromosomal STRs showed that the variation observed between the two population groups was 4.3%, and was higher than the level of genetic variance among populations within the groups (1.2%). Homogeneity of northern Slavic paternal lineages in Europe was shown to stretch from the Alps to the upper Volga and involve ethnicities speaking completely different branches of Slavic languages. The central position of the population of Ukraine in the network of insignificant AMOVA comparisons, and the lack of traces of significant contribution of ancient tribes inhabiting present-day Poland to the gene pool of Eastern and Southern Slavs, support hypothesis placing the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the middle Dnieper basin.
Here is my link:
http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v52/n5/abs/jhg200754a.html
---------- Post added 2010-03-15 at 23:29 ----------
Here is some more of this study:
Abstract A set of 18 Y-chromosomal microsatellite loci
was analysed in 568 males from Poland, Slovakia and three
regions of Belarus. The results were compared to data
available for 2,937 Y chromosome samples from 20 other
Slavic populations. Lack of relationship between linguistic,
geographic and historical relations between Slavic populations
and Y-short tandem repeat (STR) haplotype distribution
was observed. Two genetically distant groups of
Slavic populations were revealed: one encompassing all
Western-Slavic, Eastern-Slavic, and two Southern-Slavic
populations, and one encompassing all remaining Southern
Slavs. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based
on Y-chromosomal STRs showed that the variation observed
between the two population groups was 4.3%, and
was higher than the level of genetic variance among populations
within the groups (1.2%). Homogeneity of northern
Slavic paternal lineages in Europe was shown to stretch
from the Alps to the upper Volga and involve ethnicities
speaking completely different branches of Slavic languages.
The central position of the population of Ukraine
in the network of insignificant AMOVA comparisons, and
the lack of traces of significant contribution of ancient
tribes inhabiting present-day Poland to the gene pool of
Eastern and Southern Slavs, support hypothesis placing the
earliest known homeland of Slavs in the middle Dnieper
basin.
Introduction
Since the human Y chromosome is characterised by the
presence of the largest non-recombining region in the
whole human genome, sensitivity of genetic variation to
drift phenomena, a unique inheritance pattern and specificity
to males, its polymorphism has been widely studied
by researchers interested in human evolution and forensic
geneticists (Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2003; Butler 2003).
Depending on the time scales of the population history
events, different types of polymorphic markers abundant
on the Y chromosome are available for research. Analysis
of slowly evolving Y-chromosomal biallelic polymorphisms
have enabled deeper insight into prehistoric population
movements and colonisation waves in Europe
K. Re˛bała (&) Z. Szczerkowska
Department of Forensic Medicine,
Medical University of Gdansk,
ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3A,
80-210 Gdansk, Poland
e-mail: k.rebala@amg.gda.pl
A. I. Mikulich
Institute for the Study of Arts, Ethnography and Folklore,
National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
I. S. Tsybovsky
Institute of Problems of Criminology,
Criminalistics and Forensic Expertise, Minsk, Belarus
D. Siva´kova´
Department of Anthropology, Comenius University,
Bratislava, Slovakia
Z. Dzˇupinkova´
Department of Experimental and Applied Genetics,
Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine,
Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
A. Szczerkowska-Dobosz
Department of Dermatology,
Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
123
J Hum Genet
DOI 10.1007/s10038-007-0125-6
(Semino et al. 2000; Rootsi et al. 2004). On the other hand,
Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are characterised
by a relatively high mutation rate and seem to be
much more suitable for genetic studies of more-recent
events. Although the combination between Y-chromosomal
microsatellites and biallelic polymorphisms yields
the highest level of resolution and a means of clarifying
complex genetic histories (Weale et al. 2001, 2002; Das
et al. 2004), Y-STR data alone also provide very useful
information for analyses of interpopulation diversity and
have been widely applied in resolving differentiation of
various human populations (Kayser et al. 2001; Ploski et al.
2002; Caglia` et al. 2003; Roewer et al. 2005; Immel et al.
2006).
The Indo-European linguistic family has the largest
number of speakers of the recognised families of languages
in the world today. In this family, Slavic languages form a
group of closely related languages with close to 250 million
speakers worldwide (Schenker 1995). In Europe, Slavs
are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic group of
peoples, residing chiefly in eastern and southeastern Europe
but also extending across northern Asia to the Pacific
Ocean. The early medieval great migrations in Europe utterly
changed the ethnic and linguistic situation of the
continent and spread the Slavic settlement in the fifth to
sixth centuries over the major part of Eastern Europe,
leading to the ethno-cultural subdivision of the primarily
united Proto-Slavic community (Encyclopædia Britannica
2006). Nowadays, from the linguistic, cultural and geographic
point of view, Slavs are customarily divided into
three major subgroups: Eastern Slavs (Belarusians, Russians,
Ukrainians), Western Slavs (Poles, Slovaks, Czechs,
Lusatians), and Southern Slavs (Slovenes, Croats, Bosnians,
Montenegrins, Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians).
Since the ethno-cultural subdivision of Slavs and the
formation of modern Slavic nations took place quite recently,
and significant differences in Y-STR haplotype
distribution exist even between closely related human
populations (Roewer et al. 1996), hypervariable Y-chromosomal
microsatellites seem to be markers of choice for
the study of mutual relations between different Slavic
ethnic groups. So far, it was demonstrated that Slavic YSTR
haplotype paternal lineages form a separate branch
in a phylogenetic tree of European populations (Roewer
et al. 2001, 2005). However, no comprehensive analysis
of interpopulation Y-STR haplotype variation between
different Slavic groups was available. This study has
focused on providing a phylogenetic overview of closely
related Central-Eastern European populations of Poland,
Slovakia and Belarus to analyse their relationship with
each other and with other Slavic populations, and to
investigate how these relations reflect Slavs’ historical
migrations.
Materials and methods
Eighteen Y-chromosomal microsatellite loci: DYS19,
DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391,
DYS392, DYS393, DYS426, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439,
DYS460, GATA H4.1, DYS385 a/b, and YCAII a/b, were
genotyped in randomly selected, unrelated Poles (n = 208),
Slovaks (n = 164) and Belarusians (n = 196) by means of a
multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and capillary
electrophoresis, as previously described (Re˛bała and
Szczerkowska 2005). The Belarusian population included
samples from three distinct regions: 86 males from southern
Belarus, 57 males from central Belarus, and 53 males
from northern Belarus. Additionally, all Belarusian samples
were genotyped at the M46 (Tat) locus by a PCR
restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) method
(Kayser et al. 2005). The products of amplification of the
M46 locus were digested with Hsp92II restriction endonuclease
(Rybakowski et al. 2002), separated by polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis, and visualised by silver
staining. The Y-STR haplotype data for other 20 Slavic
(n = 2,937) and nine neighbouring non-Slavic (n = 1,428)
populations were obtained either from the Y chromosome
haplotype reference database (http://www.ystr.org) (Roewer
et al. 2001) or from the literature (Pepinski et al.
2004a, b; Lauc et al. 2005; Lovrecˇic´ et al. 2005; Marjanovic
et al. 2005; Pericˇic´ et al. 2005; Spiroski et al. 2005;
Lessig et al. 2006; Rodig et al. 2007).
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed
with the use of Arlequin 3.1 software (Excoffier
et al. 2005) to calculate matrices of pairwise FST and RST
values between populations. Associated probability values
were estimated from 10,100 permutations. Linearised FST
and RST values (Slatkin 1995) were applied to build a
neighbour-joining tree using the options NEIGHBOUR and
DRAWTREE in the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein 2004),
and to conduct a multidimensional scaling analysis using
the STATISTICA 7.1 software (StatSoft). In all calculations,
DYS389 was considered as a haplotype of two
independent loci: DYS389I (repetitive stretches: p + q)
and DYS389II-I (repetitive stretches: m + n) (Rolf et al.
1998), while microvariants, null alleles and locus multiplications
were treated as missing data.
Here is the study:
A set of 18 Y-chromosomal microsatellite loci was analysed in 568 males from Poland, Slovakia and three regions of Belarus. The results were compared to data available for 2,937 Y chromosome samples from 20 other Slavic populations. Lack of relationship between linguistic, geographic and historical relations between Slavic populations and Y-short tandem repeat (STR) haplotype distribution was observed. Two genetically distant groups of Slavic populations were revealed: one encompassing all Western-Slavic, Eastern-Slavic, and two Southern-Slavic populations, and one encompassing all remaining Southern Slavs. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on Y-chromosomal STRs showed that the variation observed between the two population groups was 4.3%, and was higher than the level of genetic variance among populations within the groups (1.2%). Homogeneity of northern Slavic paternal lineages in Europe was shown to stretch from the Alps to the upper Volga and involve ethnicities speaking completely different branches of Slavic languages. The central position of the population of Ukraine in the network of insignificant AMOVA comparisons, and the lack of traces of significant contribution of ancient tribes inhabiting present-day Poland to the gene pool of Eastern and Southern Slavs, support hypothesis placing the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the middle Dnieper basin.
Here is my link:
http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v52/n5/abs/jhg200754a.html
---------- Post added 2010-03-15 at 23:29 ----------
Here is some more of this study:
Abstract A set of 18 Y-chromosomal microsatellite loci
was analysed in 568 males from Poland, Slovakia and three
regions of Belarus. The results were compared to data
available for 2,937 Y chromosome samples from 20 other
Slavic populations. Lack of relationship between linguistic,
geographic and historical relations between Slavic populations
and Y-short tandem repeat (STR) haplotype distribution
was observed. Two genetically distant groups of
Slavic populations were revealed: one encompassing all
Western-Slavic, Eastern-Slavic, and two Southern-Slavic
populations, and one encompassing all remaining Southern
Slavs. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based
on Y-chromosomal STRs showed that the variation observed
between the two population groups was 4.3%, and
was higher than the level of genetic variance among populations
within the groups (1.2%). Homogeneity of northern
Slavic paternal lineages in Europe was shown to stretch
from the Alps to the upper Volga and involve ethnicities
speaking completely different branches of Slavic languages.
The central position of the population of Ukraine
in the network of insignificant AMOVA comparisons, and
the lack of traces of significant contribution of ancient
tribes inhabiting present-day Poland to the gene pool of
Eastern and Southern Slavs, support hypothesis placing the
earliest known homeland of Slavs in the middle Dnieper
basin.
Introduction
Since the human Y chromosome is characterised by the
presence of the largest non-recombining region in the
whole human genome, sensitivity of genetic variation to
drift phenomena, a unique inheritance pattern and specificity
to males, its polymorphism has been widely studied
by researchers interested in human evolution and forensic
geneticists (Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2003; Butler 2003).
Depending on the time scales of the population history
events, different types of polymorphic markers abundant
on the Y chromosome are available for research. Analysis
of slowly evolving Y-chromosomal biallelic polymorphisms
have enabled deeper insight into prehistoric population
movements and colonisation waves in Europe
K. Re˛bała (&) Z. Szczerkowska
Department of Forensic Medicine,
Medical University of Gdansk,
ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3A,
80-210 Gdansk, Poland
e-mail: k.rebala@amg.gda.pl
A. I. Mikulich
Institute for the Study of Arts, Ethnography and Folklore,
National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus
I. S. Tsybovsky
Institute of Problems of Criminology,
Criminalistics and Forensic Expertise, Minsk, Belarus
D. Siva´kova´
Department of Anthropology, Comenius University,
Bratislava, Slovakia
Z. Dzˇupinkova´
Department of Experimental and Applied Genetics,
Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine,
Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
A. Szczerkowska-Dobosz
Department of Dermatology,
Medical University, Gdansk, Poland
123
J Hum Genet
DOI 10.1007/s10038-007-0125-6
(Semino et al. 2000; Rootsi et al. 2004). On the other hand,
Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) are characterised
by a relatively high mutation rate and seem to be
much more suitable for genetic studies of more-recent
events. Although the combination between Y-chromosomal
microsatellites and biallelic polymorphisms yields
the highest level of resolution and a means of clarifying
complex genetic histories (Weale et al. 2001, 2002; Das
et al. 2004), Y-STR data alone also provide very useful
information for analyses of interpopulation diversity and
have been widely applied in resolving differentiation of
various human populations (Kayser et al. 2001; Ploski et al.
2002; Caglia` et al. 2003; Roewer et al. 2005; Immel et al.
2006).
The Indo-European linguistic family has the largest
number of speakers of the recognised families of languages
in the world today. In this family, Slavic languages form a
group of closely related languages with close to 250 million
speakers worldwide (Schenker 1995). In Europe, Slavs
are the most numerous ethnic and linguistic group of
peoples, residing chiefly in eastern and southeastern Europe
but also extending across northern Asia to the Pacific
Ocean. The early medieval great migrations in Europe utterly
changed the ethnic and linguistic situation of the
continent and spread the Slavic settlement in the fifth to
sixth centuries over the major part of Eastern Europe,
leading to the ethno-cultural subdivision of the primarily
united Proto-Slavic community (Encyclopædia Britannica
2006). Nowadays, from the linguistic, cultural and geographic
point of view, Slavs are customarily divided into
three major subgroups: Eastern Slavs (Belarusians, Russians,
Ukrainians), Western Slavs (Poles, Slovaks, Czechs,
Lusatians), and Southern Slavs (Slovenes, Croats, Bosnians,
Montenegrins, Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians).
Since the ethno-cultural subdivision of Slavs and the
formation of modern Slavic nations took place quite recently,
and significant differences in Y-STR haplotype
distribution exist even between closely related human
populations (Roewer et al. 1996), hypervariable Y-chromosomal
microsatellites seem to be markers of choice for
the study of mutual relations between different Slavic
ethnic groups. So far, it was demonstrated that Slavic YSTR
haplotype paternal lineages form a separate branch
in a phylogenetic tree of European populations (Roewer
et al. 2001, 2005). However, no comprehensive analysis
of interpopulation Y-STR haplotype variation between
different Slavic groups was available. This study has
focused on providing a phylogenetic overview of closely
related Central-Eastern European populations of Poland,
Slovakia and Belarus to analyse their relationship with
each other and with other Slavic populations, and to
investigate how these relations reflect Slavs’ historical
migrations.
Materials and methods
Eighteen Y-chromosomal microsatellite loci: DYS19,
DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391,
DYS392, DYS393, DYS426, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439,
DYS460, GATA H4.1, DYS385 a/b, and YCAII a/b, were
genotyped in randomly selected, unrelated Poles (n = 208),
Slovaks (n = 164) and Belarusians (n = 196) by means of a
multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and capillary
electrophoresis, as previously described (Re˛bała and
Szczerkowska 2005). The Belarusian population included
samples from three distinct regions: 86 males from southern
Belarus, 57 males from central Belarus, and 53 males
from northern Belarus. Additionally, all Belarusian samples
were genotyped at the M46 (Tat) locus by a PCR
restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) method
(Kayser et al. 2005). The products of amplification of the
M46 locus were digested with Hsp92II restriction endonuclease
(Rybakowski et al. 2002), separated by polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis, and visualised by silver
staining. The Y-STR haplotype data for other 20 Slavic
(n = 2,937) and nine neighbouring non-Slavic (n = 1,428)
populations were obtained either from the Y chromosome
haplotype reference database (http://www.ystr.org) (Roewer
et al. 2001) or from the literature (Pepinski et al.
2004a, b; Lauc et al. 2005; Lovrecˇic´ et al. 2005; Marjanovic
et al. 2005; Pericˇic´ et al. 2005; Spiroski et al. 2005;
Lessig et al. 2006; Rodig et al. 2007).
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed
with the use of Arlequin 3.1 software (Excoffier
et al. 2005) to calculate matrices of pairwise FST and RST
values between populations. Associated probability values
were estimated from 10,100 permutations. Linearised FST
and RST values (Slatkin 1995) were applied to build a
neighbour-joining tree using the options NEIGHBOUR and
DRAWTREE in the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein 2004),
and to conduct a multidimensional scaling analysis using
the STATISTICA 7.1 software (StatSoft). In all calculations,
DYS389 was considered as a haplotype of two
independent loci: DYS389I (repetitive stretches: p + q)
and DYS389II-I (repetitive stretches: m + n) (Rolf et al.
1998), while microvariants, null alleles and locus multiplications
were treated as missing data.